Re: A e dinit se nje nga mbishkrimet me te lashta te Europes FLET SHQIP?
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Do të dëshiroja të tërhiqja vëmendjen në disa fragmente që i nxjerrin Ilirët e më saktësisht Dardanët si tepër të lashtë si dhe disa fjalë të cilat ngjajnë tepër me shqipen.
Are the Illyrians mentioned in the Hittite texts?
Homeric songs describe innumerous Balkan tribes who defended Wilusa (Ilios) from Ahhiyawa (Achaeans). Therefore Illyrians might have been named not according to their ethic makeup or linguistic background but according to the side they took in the Trojan War. The name Illyrus derived from Illyssus since in Greek and Latin languages -s- > -r- is a common phonetic mutation. Hence the name Illyrus (Wilusa) could mean the founder of Ilios. Various Greek gods in Iliad can be explained through the inherited Indo European words of Albanian (Illyrian) language. Therefore Greeks translated Iliad from Illyrian sources while Illyrians must copied their texts from the Hittites.
The most interesting discovery of the comparative etymology is the origin of Troy. Troy was built by Dardanus. According to Greeks Dardanus was the son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace (meaning 'the only Thrace') to Troas in a raft made of hides. He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).
Actually the name Dardanus derived from the Illyrian tribe called Dardanians. But who were Illyrians? What was their language like? Illyrians were those blue-eyed, fair-haired Aryans who entered India and named the land they discovered as the land of the Dardania.
Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic
Greek and Roman References
In a well-known and much repeated story, Herodotus (4th century B.C.) mentions a war-like people on the frontier of India, near to whom are found gold-digging ants. Herodotus provides the name Dadikai for one of the groups living on India's frontier, which was then the seventh satrapy of the Achaemenian empire. Writing much later, Strabo (64 B.C. to A.D. 23) and Pliny (A.D. 23 to A.D. 79) repeat Herodotus' story and name the war-like people Dardae. Alexander, whose travels provide much of the data for classical geography of India, apparently did not meet any Dard people, but he did go to a place called Daedala. Curtius reports Alexander fought against people called Assakenoi in Daedala. Tucci assumes the Assakenoi were a Scythican tribe whose name derives from the word for horse (Tucci 1977:29). Herodotus' Dadikai may be the Persian name for the darada given in the Puranic lists, which Strabo and Pliny applied to the war-like people whom they equated with Curtius' Assakenoi. Hence, Herodutus' original citation appears to have been derived from Puranic sources. Finally, Ptolemy gives us a map that shows the Indus River arising in the country of the daradrai (map in McCrindle 1885), a term that appears to be received from Sanskrit epic and Puranic sources.
Sanskrit Epic and Puranic References
These Sanskrit references to Daradas, although they cannot be assigned any historicity, indicate that the Darada were known to those familiar with such texts. Singh cites references in the Vayu, Brahmanda, Markandeya, Vamana, and Padma Puranas (Singh 1972). Daradas are also mentioned in the Brhatsamhita, and in Manu, where they are classified pejoratively as Mlecchas. Mahabharata refers to them as degraded Kshatriyas (XII 35, 17-8 in Singh 1972). Rather than a specific people, the term Dard may have been used to characterize a fierce people, residing in the northwest, outside the boundaries of civilization. Their land is near to the "Strirajaya", the Country of Women. These fantastic and vaguely defined regions and the people who lived in them belong as much to the mythic landscape of ancient India as to the historiographic. David White, in discussing the European, Chinese, and Indian traditions regarding these people, points out that "they are a negativity, a blank space on the fringes of the conceptual map of these traditions' self-centered universes" (White 1991:117).
Epigraphic References
Three inscriptions on rocks along the Indus and Gilgit Rivers in the southern reaches of the Karakoram provide the earliest epigraphic references to Dard kings. One is found on rocks where the present-day road between Gilgit and Skardu crosses the Gilgit River, over a bridge known as the Alam bridge, now called the Farhad bridge. The inscription is in poor Kharosthi, and Fussman has read "daradaraya", meaning "King of the Dards" (Fussman 1978:1-6). The second inscription is found at Chilas Terrace, near to Chilas village along the Indus River, south of the junction of the Gilgit River and the Indus River. It has been discussed by Dani (1983) and more recently by Hinuber (1989). It is in Brahmi script. Hinuber publishes a transliteration srir daranmaharajavaisrava, which he interprets as daran-maharaja "great king of the Dards" (1989:57-8). A third inscription is immediately below the Thalpan bridge over the Indus River on the Thalpan side of the bridge. It is also in Brahmi script. Hinuber publishes a transliteration of daratsu maharaja sri vaisravanasena ssatrudamanah, which he translates as "The glorious Vaisravanasena, the subduer of enemies, great King in the land of the Dards" (1989:59). Hinuber interprets these Brahmi inscriptions as referring to the same king Vaiaravanasena, and dates them to the 4th or 5th centuries A.D. He remarks that this king "is the second oldest king of the Dards known by name, preceded only by the daradaraya mentioned at Alam bridge in a Kharosthi inscription" (1989:59). These inscriptions appear to be the only known self-reference to a Dard people.
The origin of the name Dardanus
Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē-
Meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)
German meaning: `schinden, die Haut abziehen, abspalten, spalten'
Comments:
Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis derǝ-, drē- : `to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from Root / lemma: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-; dreu̯ǝ- : drū- : `tree'
Material: Old Indian dar- `break, make crack, split, burst ', present the light basis dárṣ̌i, adar, dárt, n-present the heavy basis dr̥ṇā́ti ` bursts, cracks', Opt. dr̥ṇīyā́t, Perf. dadā́ra, participle dr̥ṭa-, of the heavy basis dīrṇá-, Kaus. dā̆rayati, Intens. dardirat, dárdarti (compare av. darǝdar- `split'; čech. drdám, drdati `pluck, pick off, remove'), dardarīti `split up', dara-ḥ m., darī f. `hole in the earth, cave'
gr. δορός `hose', lett. nuõdaras `dross of bast', ksl. razdor&#1098
, dŕ̥ṭi-ḥ m. `bag, hose' (= gr. δάρσις, got. gataúrÞs, russ. dert&#1100
, darmán- m. ` smasher '
gr. δέρμα n.), next to which from the heavy basis dárīman- `destruction'; -dāri- `splitting' (= gr. δῆρι&#962
, dāra- m. `crack, col, gap, hole', dāraka- `ripping, splitting', darī- in dardarī-ti, darī-man- with ī for i = ǝ (compare Wackernagel Old Indian Gr. 1 20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the i-basis; npers. Inf. dirīδan, darīδan, jüd.-pers. darīn-išn;
Maybe alb. (*dāras) dërrasë `board, plank (cut wood)', dërrmonj `destroy, break, exhaust, tire'.
Dardani illyr. TN
Note:
The name Dardani illyr. TN and [Latin transcription: Dōrieĩs] Greek: Δωριει̃ς, att. -ιη̃ς derive from the same root.
DARA
DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1. A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian (Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.
2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]
3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]
DARADAE
DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the central part, in Darfour (Daradôn ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]
DARADAX
DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. l. c.) [G.W.]
DARADUS
DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados ê Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin. v. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.]
DARAE
DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S. steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]
DARANTASIA
DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.
DARAPSA
DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]
DARDAE
DARADRAE
DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus. Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii. 66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandháras) points to a more southern locality. [V.]
DARDANI
DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part of Illyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29; Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]
Dardani were a fierce fighting people recorded in the Egyptian annals as a separate group of the Sea People who came from that Illyrian part called Dardania. In Greece the Dardani people were called simply Doris, as the name dar-dar is a duplication of the name dar- 'tree, cut a tree'. Celtic people called the priestly class as Druids. So the name Dardani was part of the priestly caste among early Indo Europeans. After the migration of the Sea People to Asia Minor, the Hittite Empire seized to exist, hence the Hittite name Willussa (from Hattussa) became Troad from Darda, Dardic, Doris of Illyrian Greek origin. This is the reason why Troy had an older name Wilusa, and a new name Troad. Dor-is, Dar-dar people were the ruling Celtic caste of Indo Europeans who invaded Mycenae and plunged Greece into the Dark Ages. Illyria must have suffered a similar fate as Mycenae and Hattusa. So Illyrian Dardanians received their name Illyroi in Greek meaning 'the conquerors of Wilusa'.
Pra Ilirët janë ata që e mbajtën gjallë historinë e luftës së Trojës për ta treguar Homeri i cili mundet të jetë Ilir. Ilirët ishin ai fis indo-europian që emigroi edhe në Indi e që përfundimisht i dha emrin indo-europian një linje të të tërë popujsh!!!!!!!
Enea është Dardan dhe kjo tregon edhe për vendosjen e tij në Itali ku kishte fise të tjera ilire. Pra edhe romakët kishin prejardhje ilire.
Ky artikull mund të shpjegojë shumë gjëra në lidhje me historinë dhe me prejardhjen e ilirëve.
Kështuqë fare mirë mund të besohet që një nga shkrimet më të lashta flet shqip.
P.S. Wilusa (Troja në shkrimet hitite) = Iliria!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Marrë nga