Re: Hacker ne shqiperi
Fundi i mesimit te gjuhes angleze per sot. [Smile]
Fillimi i mësimit të gjuhës angleze për sot:
Hacker is a term used to describe different types of computer experts, who employ a tactical, rather than strategic, approach to computer programming, administration, or security. An exception to the expert sense is use of the term by the popular media and the general population to mean "computer criminal," with no indication of level of skill, expertise, or understanding implied. In the field of computer security, hacker translates to a person able to exploit a system or gain unauthorized access through clever tactics and detailed knowledge. In computer programming, hacker means a programmer who hacks or reaches a goal by employing a series of small changes or additions to exploit or extend existing code or resources. In technical fields outside of computing, hacker is sometimes extended to mean an expert who has particularly detailed knowledge or cleverly circumvents limits.
Controversy and Ambiguity
The meaning of the term, when used in a computer context, has changed over the decades since it first came into use. It originally was simply used as a verb for "messing about" with (i.e. "I hack around with computers"). However, it has been given a different primary meaning by new users of the word which in some ways conflicts with the original meaning.
Currently, "hacker" is used in two main ways, one pejorative and one complimentary. In popular usage and in the media, it generally describes computer intruders or criminals. In the computing community, it describes a particularly brilliant programmer or technical expert (For example, "Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, is considered by some to be a genius 'hacker'."). The latter is said by some to be the "correct" usage of the word (see the Jargon File definition below).
The mainstream media's usage of the term may be traced back to the early 1980's (see History below). When the term was first used by the mainstream media in 1983, even those in the computer community refered to such activity as "hacking", although this was not the exclusive use of the word. In reaction to the increasing media use of the term exclusively in the criminal connotation, the computer community began to differentiate their terminology. Several alternative terms such as "black hat" and "cracker" were coined in an effort to distinguish between those performing criminal activities, and those whose activities were the legal ones refered to more frequently in the historical use of the term "hack". Despite this attempt to preserve the original meaning, since network news use of the term pertained primarily to the criminal activities, the mainstream media and general public continues to describe computer criminals with all levels of technical sophistication as "hackers" and does not generally make use of the word in any of its non-criminal connotations.
As a result of this difference, the term is the subject of some controversy. The pejorative connotation is disliked by many who identify themselves as hackers who do not like their label used negatively. Many advocate using the more recent and nuanced alternate terms when describing criminals and others who negatively take advantage of security flaws in software and hardware. Others prefer to follow common popular usage, arguing that the positive form is confusing and unlikely to become widespread in the general public. It is noteworthy, however, that the positive definition of hacker was widely used as the predominant form for many years before the negative definition was popularized.
"Hacker" can therefore be seen as a shibboleth, identifying those who use it in its technically-oriented sense (as opposed to the intrusion-oriented sense) as members of the computing community.
A possible middle ground position observes that "hacking" describes a collection of skills which are utilized by hackers of both descriptions for differing reasons. A useful analogy is locksmithing, specifically picking locks, which — aside from its being a skill with a fairly high tropism to 'classic' hacking — is a skill which can be used for good or evil. The primary weakness of this analogy is the popular usage of "hacker" to also describe script kiddies, despite their lack of an underlying skill and knowledge base.
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